# Electronics Class This class is targeted at the beginner who wants to learn electronics. It would make a fine prerequisite to the [Microcontroller Course](Microcontroller_Course "wikilink") or the [HAMClass](HAMClass "wikilink") ### tease These images form a slide show and a gestalt introduction to electronics. In which we map the techniques available to hackers and their surrounding requisite building blocks. - \[ My hacking started with music and production. it wasn't exacly the tech; more for the ride. - [1](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/5/5c/Wmuc_main.jpg) WMUC main studio Complicated behaviour arises from iteration of simple models. Learning how to operate something like this is simpler and more subtle than it looks. - [2](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/thumb/9/99/Wheatstone.jpg/800px-Wheatstone.jpg) wheatstone broadcast console Easier to see is block diagram form; a gestural view of a complex system. WMUC recording suites and broadcast control rooms. Computing. - [3](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/b/b9/Mixerschem.png) signal diagram Why study DC/baseband/RF electronics; anachronism? - [4](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/a/a3/Roofchill.png) chill on the roof. Space shuttle shots; APRS , RACES, field day. Social technical effects require proficiency. - [5](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/e/ea/W3eaxtower.png) W3EAX tower Small systems scale into big ones. 40,000 people at Operation ceasefire (united for peace& justice) '05 at the national mall. Standing between SS, Park police and thousands of protesters. - [6](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/d/d7/Ceasefirestage.jpeg) ceasefire stage - [7](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/3/30/Ceasefirecrowd.jpeg) ceasefire 40k No always smooth sailing. - [8](http://images.spaceref.com/news/2003/09.06.03.noaa-n.med.jpg) mars needs bolts Building whimsey. - [9](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/b/bf/Dancepanel.jpeg) lightup dance floor Computer control over physical objects. microcontrollers + christmas tree lights. - [10](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/f/f3/Dancectll.jpeg) dance floor controller Not always smooth. Electrical compatibility != political compatability - [11](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/2/2c/Hhr.png) hhr - phear the transaxle More small systems iterated. - [12](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/c/cc/Igniterschem.jpeg) fireworks diagram DIY Ignition source in Berlin. in a pinch you don't need a parts catalog. - [13](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/9/91/Igniterface.jpeg) igniter controller Apologies to Dakami - [14](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/d/d1/Fireworkscrates.jpeg) fireworks crates Simple systems, RC control, Robots and igniters. - [15](http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_KqHQ-3WDqyk/SFqH25qqRwI/AAAAAAAAAS0/sJ2S8ppcBWQ/s1600-h/1055943372_295788412e.jpg) wm greek fire Recently robotics have become accessible to experimenters. Bluto cuts, welds and hugs. - [16](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/4/47/Cadfab.jpg) Welding robots! ## Required Materials (see also: our [Suppliers page](Suppliers "wikilink")) ---- Digital_Multimeter.jpgAnalog_Multimeter.jpg - Multimeter \$4 - [Source: Harbor Freight](http://www.harborfreight.com/7-function-digital-multimeter-92020.html) ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Soldering_iron.jpg
- Soldering Iron (25-30w) \$10 - [Source: Harbor Freight](http://www.harborfreight.com/30-watt-120-volt-soldering-iron-47887.html) ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Solder.jpg
- Solder ( 22ga ) - [Source: Harbor Freight](http://www.harborfreight.com/lead-free-rosin-core-solder-95861.html) - [Source: Radio Shack](http://www.radioshack.com/product/index.jsp?productId=2062712) - Or ANYWHERE, really. ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Breadboard.jpg
- Bread Board ( or [AshClassBoard](AshClassBoard "wikilink") ) \$10 - [Source: Mouser](http://mouser.com/ProductDetail/BusBoard-Prototype-Systems/BB400/?qs=sGAEpiMZZMskUkxWo/qA8g6E2/%252b0L/2p) - [Source: Digi-Key](http://search.digikey.com/scripts/DkSearch/dksus.dll?Detail&name=438-1045-ND) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - wire 24ga ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 30ga solid core wire ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - Resistors 10kohm ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - variable resistor 10kohm linear \$1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - switch [17](http://www.mouser.com/search/ProductDetail.aspx?qs=JTMHOUw%252b%2fhkyoxmWRloCXw%3d%3d) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - leds (various) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - capacitor 470uf (ish) [18](http://www.mouser.com/Search/ProductDetail.aspx?qs=Dj1PTMaP5uJBsuYHd%252b9oGQ%3d%3d) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - pn2222 transistor \$.03 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 1/8 male phono jack `Read The Fine Data Sheet:  They hide secrets in the documentation.` ## Metering `There are many like it but this one is mine.` - Naming of parts - Should be a VOM - Volt Ohm Meter - metering modes - restistance - Ohms of resistance - voltage - Volts - Current - Amps/Milliamps - check the leads - diode check - see \[Diodes\] - leads - plugged into the right ports? - Continuity testing - set the meter to the lowest resistance mode (200ohms or auto resistance) - or perhaps Diode check; or even beeping - reads "off scale" when the leads are unconnected, this is an open circuit - firmly touch leads together -loopback test - reads near 0 if the leads are crossed - Voltage testing - set meter to 20Vdc or VautoDC - touch leads to metered points - the reading on the meter is the difference in voltages between the leads - Try AC mains!! - safety second. #### SwitchLab - use the continuity meter to diagram the electrical layout of the switch. - solder switch to the board. - test under power with meter voltage setting ## Relays/Switches Codespeak - SPDT - single pole dual throw - DPST - dual pole single throw - 4P10T - ??? `- Map this mystery switchLab` ## Wire The basic wire is a pipe through which electrons can flow from the lowest voltage side to the highest ([conventional current](wikipedia:Electric_current#Conventional_current "wikilink")) up to the physical limits of the wire. - Condunctor vs. Insulators - Current limit via wire gauge [19](http://www.powerstream.com/Wire_Size.htm) - Voltage limit via insulation. - Magnetic and Electric fields surround an energized wire (what?!) - And wire will respond with current when moved through magnetic flux - bass pickups - Lentz law - Siemens, mho, ohms - strip wire - and don't nick the conductor ## Electromagnetics - Einstein's "spukhafte Fernwirkung" - Quantum Electrodynamics - Electron and photons interact - somehow - Gauss, Maxwell and - Permanent magnets useful - locked domains - Ferro materials, Ni, Co, Sr, Rb, Nb, Nd, Cr and Fe. - Except when they aren't - curie temperature. - Hall effect - sensing - spaceship drives - Motors, linear, rotary, vibrational, direct ( magnetohydrodynamic) - Radios - EM probe demo - EM spectrum - DC, ELF, SLF (submarines, blue whales), AF, LF,HF, (Short wave), VHF, UHF, Microwave, weird stuff, gamma rays (the incredible hulk, gian ants). ## Soldering `Hold the cold end.` Soldering ( for our purposes ) is the process of joining electrical contacts with a low melting point metal to make a mechanically and electrically strong connection. - Restrain long hair/clothing/jewelry. - Clean both parts of waxes, oils or debris. - Ethanol/Methanol/SLX - Flux/Rosin/Dry - Mechanically fit connections together - Clean and wet the iron - Tip should be immaculate and bright - Heat both parts until hot - Cheat, use another heating element - quartz floodlight, sterno, propane or mean stare. - but not too hot - see blue smoke lab - Apply just enough solder to wet the contact surfaces - Wait for the connection to shine smoothly - remove the iron an test the connection - yes it's hot stupid. - the meter should find near 0 ohms of resistance between the two parts even when mechanically stressed. - the meter should read "off scale" to everything that should be isolated - Splice practice - Western Union Splice - Pigtail Splice ## Speakermaking lab materials: - junk wire, lots of it - magnet ( stronger is better ) Test stuff: - multimeter - signal generator, (or music source) - power amp Construction: - Make coil of wire 24ga 1" dia, 50-400 turns. - use a form, marker, tp tube, pvc pipe - Measure impedance \> 1.5 ohm - Stick coil of wire to diaphram - Make stator/armature - stick magnet to something - not too ferrous - stick diaphram near armature (correct axis??) - connect to amplifier; apply Rock! Exercises for suckers: - Use the lentz law to calculate the force generated by thingy. - Why 8ohm speakers in the house? ## Resistor `Not like the NYC variety` Resistors impede the flow of electrons across them; usually to protect components from excessive current.
Image:resistoriv.png
- [Ohm's law](wikipedia:Ohm's_law "wikilink") - Diagonal IV curve. - symmetric ##### ResistorLab - solder resistors, meter and record; - compare to ohms law math ##### BlueSmokeLab `Get this out of the way early (and often)` - turn off the switch - Solder the 30ga wire ends on to the lab 0 area - stow fingers away from wire - turn on switch ## Power - Measured in watts (usally) `* .01w laser pointer` `* .25w cell phone` `* 1w ` `* 15w car stereo` `* 25w soldering iron` `* 100w light bulb` `* 1500w hair dryer` `* 200 horsepower (750w/hp)` `* 3 tons of Air conditioner capacity (3.5kw/ton)` - The notion of instant work - Energy or work is expressed in joules (watt\*second). Or perhaps (Kw\*H) - Power(watts) = Current (Amps) \* Volts `Electromechanical relay is a switch that's controlled electrically.` ### pros - Easy to design for - debugging (listen for satisfying click) - excelent isolation - high power control/\$ ### cons - high drive current (mostly) - noisy (mostly) - slow - moving parts (eeew) [a typical relay](http://ecommas.tycoelectronics.com/commerce/DocumentDelivery/DDEController?Action=showdoc&DocId=Data+Sheet%7F1308242_T77%7F1104%7Fpdf%7FEnglish%7FENG_DS_1308242_T77_1104.pdf) - map this mystery relay lab #### Diode
Image:diodeiv.png
##### ScaryDataSheetLab - a favorite led [20](http://www.vishay.com/docs/83012/83012.pdf) - LED ( Light emitting diode ) are diodes with a clear case. - electrons only permitted to flow in one direction: cathode to anode - there are exceptions \[diode breakdown voltage\] - discontinuous IV curve - diode logic - the cathode is marked - the diode check function of the meter can reveal the correct polarity of a mystery diode with a suspect cathode mark. ## Light Emitting Diode - the short lead is the cathode - LED's need current limiting (see [BlueSmokeLab](ElectronicsClass#BlueSmokeLab "wikilink")) ##### LEDLab - solder in 1kOhm resistor for the led , although you may use another if you can justify the value - Solder in the LED, with the short lead towards the ground. ## Motor ## Printed Circuits ## Capacitor `470??f electrolytic cap`
Image:capt.png
[wikipedia capacitor](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor) $\operator {work} (V) = \frac {1}{2} 2)Cv^2$ Hmm.. no teX support here. #### Applications - Filters - Decoupling - Ripple rejection - Blocking - DC Bias rejection - Use in networks - equalization networks - Storage - Pump and dump - Photoflash. - Tank application - DC - DC converters - Esoteric - Sensors - Strain gauge - Microphones - Old school - nonlinear math - Calculating logs/exponents. ## Transistor `PN2222 N channel transistor` `Elliot substitute-taught a class on transistor amplifiers...` `Notes in PDF are here:` [`Media:transistorLecture.pdf`](Media:transistorLecture.pdf "wikilink") ### little amplifierlab - class A amp - DC blocking caps - bias resistors - fixed gain - inverted waveform ### construction intro - breadboard intro - soldering intro - led circuit ## Digital Logic - AND C = A & B - OR C = A \| B - NOT C = !A - NOR C = !(A\|B) - NAND C = !(A&B) - MUX C = select A(n) based on B(n) ## IC `LM386 Audio Amplifier `[`21`](http://www.national.com/mpf/LM/LM386.html) # Links and class notes - 7-28 - [How bipolar junction transistors actually work](http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_2/8.html) [Category:Classes](Category:Classes "wikilink")