diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index caf3e710..605bb8a6 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -482,9 +482,9 @@ checksum = "bef38d45163c2f1dde094a7dfd33ccf595c92905c8f8f4fdc18d06fb1037718a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bitvec"
-version = "1.0.0"
+version = "1.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1489fcb93a5bb47da0462ca93ad252ad6af2145cce58d10d46a83931ba9f016b"
+checksum = "1bc2832c24239b0141d5674bb9174f9d68a8b5b3f2753311927c172ca46f7e9c"
 dependencies = [
  "funty",
  "radium",
@@ -705,6 +705,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustc_version",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "cast"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "37b2a672a2cb129a2e41c10b1224bb368f9f37a2b16b612598138befd7b37eb5"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
 version = "1.0.73"
@@ -995,12 +1001,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "criterion"
-version = "0.3.5"
+version = "0.3.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1604dafd25fba2fe2d5895a9da139f8dc9b319a5fe5354ca137cbbce4e178d10"
+checksum = "b01d6de93b2b6c65e17c634a26653a29d107b3c98c607c765bf38d041531cd8f"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
- "cast",
+ "cast 0.3.0",
  "clap 2.34.0",
  "criterion-plot",
  "csv",
@@ -1025,7 +1031,7 @@ version = "0.4.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d00996de9f2f7559f7f4dc286073197f83e92256a59ed395f9aac01fe717da57"
 dependencies = [
- "cast",
+ "cast 0.2.7",
  "itertools",
 ]
 
@@ -3236,9 +3242,9 @@ checksum = "1df8c4ec4b0627e53bdf214615ad287367e482558cf84b109250b37464dc03ae"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "plotters"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "32a3fd9ec30b9749ce28cd91f255d569591cdf937fe280c312143e3c4bad6f2a"
+checksum = "9428003b84df1496fb9d6eeee9c5f8145cb41ca375eb0dad204328888832811f"
 dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
  "plotters-backend",
@@ -3249,15 +3255,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "plotters-backend"
-version = "0.3.2"
+version = "0.3.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d88417318da0eaf0fdcdb51a0ee6c3bed624333bff8f946733049380be67ac1c"
+checksum = "193228616381fecdc1224c62e96946dfbc73ff4384fba576e052ff8c1bea8142"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "plotters-svg"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "521fa9638fa597e1dc53e9412a4f9cefb01187ee1f7413076f9e6749e2885ba9"
+checksum = "e0918736323d1baff32ee0eade54984f6f201ad7e97d5cfb5d6ab4a358529615"
 dependencies = [
  "plotters-backend",
 ]
@@ -4220,9 +4226,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "sysinfo"
-version = "0.24.5"
+version = "0.24.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7d80929a3b477bce3a64360ca82bfb361eacce1dcb7b1fb31e8e5e181e37c212"
+checksum = "0b6e19da72a8d75be4d40e4dd4686afca31507f26c3ffdf6bd3073278d9de0a0"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if 1.0.0",
  "core-foundation-sys 0.8.3",
diff --git a/veilid-core/src/core_context.rs b/veilid-core/src/core_context.rs
index f37590a6..bd408f7b 100644
--- a/veilid-core/src/core_context.rs
+++ b/veilid-core/src/core_context.rs
@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ use crate::veilid_api::*;
 use crate::veilid_config::*;
 use crate::xx::*;
 
-cfg_if! {
-    if #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")] {
-        pub type UpdateCallback = Arc<dyn Fn(VeilidUpdate)>;
-    } else {
-        pub type UpdateCallback = Arc<dyn Fn(VeilidUpdate) + Send + Sync>;
-    }
-}
+// cfg_if! {
+//     if #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")] {
+//         pub type UpdateCallback = Arc<dyn Fn(VeilidUpdate)>;
+//     } else {
+pub type UpdateCallback = Arc<dyn Fn(VeilidUpdate) + Send + Sync>;
+//     }
+// }
 
 struct ServicesContext {
     pub config: VeilidConfig,
diff --git a/veilid-core/src/intf/native/protected_store.rs b/veilid-core/src/intf/native/protected_store.rs
index c766b0a7..f4452cda 100644
--- a/veilid-core/src/intf/native/protected_store.rs
+++ b/veilid-core/src/intf/native/protected_store.rs
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ impl ProtectedStore {
         {
             Ok(v) => Ok(Some(v)),
             Err(KeyringError::NoPasswordFound) => Ok(None),
-            Err(e) => Err(eyre!("Failed to load user secret")),
+            Err(e) => Err(eyre!("Failed to load user secret: {}", e)),
         }
     }
 
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ impl ProtectedStore {
         {
             Ok(_) => Ok(true),
             Err(KeyringError::NoPasswordFound) => Ok(false),
-            Err(e) => Err(eyre!("Failed to remove user secret")),
+            Err(e) => Err(eyre!("Failed to remove user secret: {}", e)),
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/veilid-core/src/intf/table_db.rs b/veilid-core/src/intf/table_db.rs
index 88d627d5..d3bdc7d7 100644
--- a/veilid-core/src/intf/table_db.rs
+++ b/veilid-core/src/intf/table_db.rs
@@ -100,12 +100,7 @@ impl TableDB {
                 return Ok(None);
             }
         };
-        let obj = match serde_cbor::from_slice::<T>(&b) {
-            Ok(value) => value,
-            Err(e) => {
-                bail!("failed to deserialize");
-            }
-        };
+        let obj = serde_cbor::from_slice::<T>(&b).wrap_err("failed to deserialize")?;
         Ok(Some(obj))
     }
 
diff --git a/veilid-core/src/intf/wasm/mod.rs b/veilid-core/src/intf/wasm/mod.rs
index 2023e7c1..6b6e6967 100644
--- a/veilid-core/src/intf/wasm/mod.rs
+++ b/veilid-core/src/intf/wasm/mod.rs
@@ -9,3 +9,4 @@ pub use block_store::*;
 pub use protected_store::*;
 pub use system::*;
 pub use table_store::*;
+use utils::*;
diff --git a/veilid-core/src/intf/wasm/protected_store.rs b/veilid-core/src/intf/wasm/protected_store.rs
index 884fd3c5..51a7619b 100644
--- a/veilid-core/src/intf/wasm/protected_store.rs
+++ b/veilid-core/src/intf/wasm/protected_store.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-use super::utils;
+use super::*;
 use crate::xx::*;
 use crate::*;
 use data_encoding::BASE64URL_NOPAD;
 use js_sys::*;
 use wasm_bindgen_futures::*;
 use web_sys::*;
+
 #[wasm_bindgen]
 extern "C" {
     #[wasm_bindgen(catch, js_name = setPassword, js_namespace = ["global", "wasmhost", "keytar"])]
@@ -69,10 +70,11 @@ impl ProtectedStore {
     }
 
     pub async fn save_user_secret_string(&self, key: &str, value: &str) -> EyreResult<bool> {
-        if utils::is_nodejs() {
+        if is_nodejs() {
             let prev = match JsFuture::from(
                 keytar_getPassword(self.keyring_name().as_str(), key)
-                    .wrap_err("exception thrown")?,
+                .map_err(map_jsvalue_error)
+                .wrap_err("exception thrown")?,
             )
             .await
             {
@@ -82,7 +84,8 @@ impl ProtectedStore {
 
             match JsFuture::from(
                 keytar_setPassword(self.keyring_name().as_str(), key, value)
-                    .wrap_err("exception thrown")?,
+                .map_err(map_jsvalue_error)
+                .wrap_err("exception thrown")?,
             )
             .await
             {
@@ -91,7 +94,7 @@ impl ProtectedStore {
             }
 
             Ok(prev)
-        } else if utils::is_browser() {
+        } else if is_browser() {
             let win = match window() {
                 Some(w) => w,
                 None => {
@@ -101,6 +104,7 @@ impl ProtectedStore {
 
             let ls = match win
                 .local_storage()
+                .map_err(map_jsvalue_error)
                 .wrap_err("exception getting local storage")?
             {
                 Some(l) => l,
@@ -113,6 +117,7 @@ impl ProtectedStore {
 
             let prev = match ls
                 .get_item(&vkey)
+                .map_err(map_jsvalue_error)
                 .wrap_err("exception_thrown")?
             {
                 Some(_) => true,
@@ -120,6 +125,7 @@ impl ProtectedStore {
             };
 
             ls.set_item(&vkey, value)
+                .map_err(map_jsvalue_error)
                 .wrap_err("exception_thrown")?;
 
             Ok(prev)
@@ -129,9 +135,10 @@ impl ProtectedStore {
     }
 
     pub async fn load_user_secret_string(&self, key: &str) -> EyreResult<Option<String>> {
-        if utils::is_nodejs() {
+        if is_nodejs() {
             let prev = match JsFuture::from(
                 keytar_getPassword(self.keyring_name().as_str(), key)
+                    .map_err(map_jsvalue_error)
                     .wrap_err("exception thrown")?,
             )
             .await
@@ -145,7 +152,7 @@ impl ProtectedStore {
             }
 
             Ok(prev.as_string())
-        } else if utils::is_browser() {
+        } else if is_browser() {
             let win = match window() {
                 Some(w) => w,
                 None => {
@@ -155,6 +162,7 @@ impl ProtectedStore {
 
             let ls = match win
                 .local_storage()
+                .map_err(map_jsvalue_error)
                 .wrap_err("exception getting local storage")?
             {
                 Some(l) => l,
@@ -166,6 +174,7 @@ impl ProtectedStore {
             let vkey = self.browser_key_name(key);
 
             ls.get_item(&vkey)
+                .map_err(map_jsvalue_error)
                 .wrap_err("exception_thrown")
         } else {
             unimplemented!();
@@ -173,16 +182,18 @@ impl ProtectedStore {
     }
 
     pub async fn remove_user_secret_string(&self, key: &str) -> EyreResult<bool> {
-        if utils::is_nodejs() {
+        if is_nodejs() {
             match JsFuture::from(
-                keytar_deletePassword(self.keyring_name().as_str(), key).wrap_err("exception thrown")?,
+                keytar_deletePassword(self.keyring_name().as_str(), key)
+                    .map_err(map_jsvalue_error)
+                    .wrap_err("exception thrown")?,
             )
             .await
             {
                 Ok(v) => Ok(v.is_truthy()),
                 Err(_) => bail!("Failed to delete"),
             }
-        } else if utils::is_browser() {
+        } else if is_browser() {
             let win = match window() {
                 Some(w) => w,
                 None => {
@@ -192,6 +203,7 @@ impl ProtectedStore {
 
             let ls = match win
                 .local_storage()
+                .map_err(map_jsvalue_error)
                 .wrap_err("exception getting local storage")?
             {
                 Some(l) => l,
@@ -204,10 +216,12 @@ impl ProtectedStore {
 
             match ls
                 .get_item(&vkey)
+                .map_err(map_jsvalue_error)
                 .wrap_err("exception_thrown")?
             {
                 Some(_) => {
                     ls.delete(&vkey)
+                        .map_err(map_jsvalue_error)
                         .wrap_err("exception_thrown")?;
                     Ok(true)
                 }
diff --git a/veilid-core/src/intf/wasm/system.rs b/veilid-core/src/intf/wasm/system.rs
index 541d3ebe..a56c50ce 100644
--- a/veilid-core/src/intf/wasm/system.rs
+++ b/veilid-core/src/intf/wasm/system.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ use super::utils;
 use crate::xx::*;
 use crate::*;
 use async_executors::{Bindgen, LocalSpawnHandleExt /*, SpawnHandleExt*/};
-use core::fmt;
 use futures_util::future::{select, Either};
 use js_sys::*;
 use wasm_bindgen_futures::*;
diff --git a/veilid-core/src/intf/wasm/table_store.rs b/veilid-core/src/intf/wasm/table_store.rs
index 51c6bda1..f83e38ef 100644
--- a/veilid-core/src/intf/wasm/table_store.rs
+++ b/veilid-core/src/intf/wasm/table_store.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ impl TableStore {
         }
     }
 
-    pub async fn init(&self) -> Result<(), String> {
+    pub async fn init(&self) -> EyreResult<()> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -49,12 +49,12 @@ impl TableStore {
         }
     }
 
-    fn get_table_name(&self, table: &str) -> Result<String, String> {
+    fn get_table_name(&self, table: &str) -> EyreResult<String> {
         if !table
             .chars()
             .all(|c| char::is_alphanumeric(c) || c == '_' || c == '-')
         {
-            return Err(format!("table name '{}' is invalid", table));
+            bail!("table name '{}' is invalid", table);
         }
         let c = self.config.get();
         let namespace = c.namespace.clone();
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ impl TableStore {
         })
     }
 
-    pub async fn open(&self, name: &str, column_count: u32) -> Result<TableDB, String> {
+    pub async fn open(&self, name: &str, column_count: u32) -> EyreResult<TableDB> {
         let table_name = self.get_table_name(name)?;
 
         let mut inner = self.inner.lock();        
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ impl TableStore {
         }
         let db = Database::open(table_name.clone(), column_count)
             .await
-            .map_err(|e| format!("failed to open tabledb at: {} ({})", table_name, e))?;
+            .wrap_err("failed to open tabledb")?;
         info!("opened table store '{}' with table name '{:?}' with {} columns", name, table_name, column_count);
 
         let table_db = TableDB::new(table_name.clone(), self.clone(), db);
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ impl TableStore {
         Ok(table_db)
     }
 
-    pub async fn delete(&self, name: &str) -> Result<bool, String> {
+    pub async fn delete(&self, name: &str) -> EyreResult<bool> {
         trace!("TableStore::delete {}", name);
         let table_name = self.get_table_name(name)?;
         
@@ -101,11 +101,11 @@ impl TableStore {
                 "TableStore::delete {}: Not deleting, still open.",
                 table_name
             );
-            return Err("Not deleting table that is still opened".to_owned());
+            bail!("Not deleting table that is still opened");
         }
 
         if utils::is_nodejs() {
-            Err("unimplemented".to_owned())
+            unimplemented!();
         } else if utils::is_browser() {
             let out = match Database::delete(table_name.clone()).await {
                 Ok(_) => true,
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ impl TableStore {
             trace!("TableStore::deleted {}", table_name);
             Ok(out)
         } else {
-            Err("unimplemented".to_owned())
+            unimplemented!();
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/veilid-core/src/intf/wasm/utils/mod.rs b/veilid-core/src/intf/wasm/utils/mod.rs
index a29d4481..dc8be425 100644
--- a/veilid-core/src/intf/wasm/utils/mod.rs
+++ b/veilid-core/src/intf/wasm/utils/mod.rs
@@ -77,3 +77,11 @@ pub fn node_require(module: &str) -> JsValue {
         }
     }
 }
+
+#[derive(ThisError, Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+#[error("JsValue error")]
+pub struct JsValueError(String);
+
+pub fn map_jsvalue_error(x: JsValue) -> JsValueError {
+    JsValueError(x.as_string().unwrap_or_default())
+}
diff --git a/veilid-core/src/network_manager/wasm/mod.rs b/veilid-core/src/network_manager/wasm/mod.rs
index 4157d168..03547b2b 100644
--- a/veilid-core/src/network_manager/wasm/mod.rs
+++ b/veilid-core/src/network_manager/wasm/mod.rs
@@ -34,14 +34,17 @@ impl Network {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn new(network_manager: NetworkManager) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(
+        network_manager: NetworkManager,
+        routing_table: RoutingTable,
+        connection_manager: ConnectionManager,
+    ) -> Self {
         Self {
             config: network_manager.config(),
             inner: Arc::new(Mutex::new(Self::new_inner(network_manager))),
         }
     }
 
-
     fn network_manager(&self) -> NetworkManager {
         self.inner.lock().network_manager.clone()
     }
@@ -61,14 +64,15 @@ impl Network {
 
         let res = match dial_info.protocol_type() {
             ProtocolType::UDP => {
-                return Err("no support for UDP protocol".to_owned()).map_err(logthru_net!(error))
+                bail!("no support for UDP protocol")
             }
             ProtocolType::TCP => {
-                return Err("no support for TCP protocol".to_owned()).map_err(logthru_net!(error))
+                bail!("no support for TCP protocol")
             }
             ProtocolType::WS | ProtocolType::WSS => {
                 WebsocketProtocolHandler::send_unbound_message(dial_info.clone(), data)
                     .await
+                    .wrap_err("failed to send unbound message")
             }
         };
         if res.is_ok() {
@@ -94,10 +98,10 @@ impl Network {
         let data_len = data.len();
         let out = match dial_info.protocol_type() {
             ProtocolType::UDP => {
-                return Err("no support for UDP protocol".to_owned()).map_err(logthru_net!(error))
+                bail!("no support for UDP protocol")
             }
             ProtocolType::TCP => {
-                return Err("no support for TCP protocol".to_owned()).map_err(logthru_net!(error))
+                bail!("no support for TCP protocol")
             }
             ProtocolType::WS | ProtocolType::WSS => {
                 WebsocketProtocolHandler::send_recv_unbound_message(
@@ -128,14 +132,14 @@ impl Network {
         let data_len = data.len();
         match descriptor.protocol_type() {
             ProtocolType::UDP => {
-                return Err("no support for udp protocol".to_owned()).map_err(logthru_net!(error))
+                bail!("no support for UDP protocol")
             }
             ProtocolType::TCP => {
-                return Err("no support for tcp protocol".to_owned()).map_err(logthru_net!(error))
+                bail!("no support for TCP protocol")
             }
             _ => {}
         }
-        
+
         // Handle connection-oriented protocols
 
         // Try to send to the exact existing connection if one exists
@@ -164,10 +168,10 @@ impl Network {
     ) -> EyreResult<()> {
         let data_len = data.len();
         if dial_info.protocol_type() == ProtocolType::UDP {
-            return Err("no support for UDP protocol".to_owned()).map_err(logthru_net!(error))
+            bail!("no support for UDP protocol");
         }
         if dial_info.protocol_type() == ProtocolType::TCP {
-            return Err("no support for TCP protocol".to_owned()).map_err(logthru_net!(error))
+            bail!("no support for TCP protocol");
         }
 
         // Handle connection-oriented protocols
@@ -176,7 +180,7 @@ impl Network {
             .get_or_create_connection(None, dial_info.clone())
             .await?;
 
-        let res = conn.send_async(data).await.map_err(logthru_net!(error));
+        let res = conn.send_async(data).await;
         if res.is_ok() {
             // Network accounting
             self.network_manager()
@@ -215,7 +219,7 @@ impl Network {
     pub fn is_started(&self) -> bool {
         self.inner.lock().network_started
     }
-    
+
     pub fn restart_network(&self) {
         self.inner.lock().network_needs_restart = true;
     }
@@ -247,8 +251,7 @@ impl Network {
     pub async fn check_interface_addresses(&self) -> Result<bool, String> {
         Ok(false)
     }
-    
-        
+
     //////////////////////////////////////////
     pub fn get_network_class(&self) -> Option<NetworkClass> {
         // xxx eventually detect tor browser?
diff --git a/veilid-core/src/network_manager/wasm/protocol/mod.rs b/veilid-core/src/network_manager/wasm/protocol/mod.rs
index 778870ed..fe88d2e5 100644
--- a/veilid-core/src/network_manager/wasm/protocol/mod.rs
+++ b/veilid-core/src/network_manager/wasm/protocol/mod.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ pub mod ws;
 
 use super::*;
 use crate::xx::*;
+use std::io;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub enum ProtocolNetworkConnection {
diff --git a/veilid-core/src/network_manager/wasm/protocol/ws.rs b/veilid-core/src/network_manager/wasm/protocol/ws.rs
index 7ff4b42e..2699f8fc 100644
--- a/veilid-core/src/network_manager/wasm/protocol/ws.rs
+++ b/veilid-core/src/network_manager/wasm/protocol/ws.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use super::*;
-use ws_stream_wasm::*;
-use futures_util::{StreamExt, SinkExt};
+use futures_util::{SinkExt, StreamExt};
 use std::io;
+use ws_stream_wasm::*;
 
 struct WebsocketNetworkConnectionInner {
     ws_meta: WsMeta,
@@ -9,9 +9,7 @@ struct WebsocketNetworkConnectionInner {
 }
 
 fn to_io(err: WsErr) -> io::Error {
-    let kind = match err {
-        WsErr::InvalidWsState {supplied:_} => io::ErrorKind::
-    }
+    io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::Other, err.to_string())
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -27,9 +25,7 @@ impl fmt::Debug for WebsocketNetworkConnection {
 }
 
 impl WebsocketNetworkConnection {
-    pub fn new(
-        descriptor: ConnectionDescriptor,
-        ws_meta: WsMeta, ws_stream: WsStream) -> Self {
+    pub fn new(descriptor: ConnectionDescriptor, ws_meta: WsMeta, ws_stream: WsStream) -> Self {
         Self {
             descriptor,
             inner: Arc::new(WebsocketNetworkConnectionInner {
@@ -53,28 +49,29 @@ impl WebsocketNetworkConnection {
         if message.len() > MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE {
             bail_io_error_other!("sending too large WS message");
         }
-        self.inner.ws_stream.clone()
-            .send(WsMessage::Binary(message)).await
-            .map_err(|_| "failed to send to websocket".to_owned())
-            .map_err(logthru_net!(error))
+        self.inner
+            .ws_stream
+            .clone()
+            .send(WsMessage::Binary(message))
+            .await
+            .map_err(to_io)
     }
 
     #[instrument(level = "trace", err, skip(self), fields(ret.len))]
-    pub async fn recv(&self) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
+    pub async fn recv(&self) -> io::Result<Vec<u8>> {
         let out = match self.inner.ws_stream.clone().next().await {
             Some(WsMessage::Binary(v)) => v,
             Some(x) => {
-                return Err(format!("Unexpected WS message type: {:?}", x));
+                bail_io_error_other!("Unexpected WS message type");
             }
             None => {
-                return Err("WS stream closed".to_owned()).map_err(logthru_net!(error));
+                bail_io_error_other!("WS stream closed");
             }
         };
         if out.len() > MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE {
-            Err("sending too large WS message".to_owned()).map_err(logthru_net!(error))
-        } else {
-            Ok(out)
+            bail_io_error_other!("sending too large WS message")
         }
+        Ok(out)
     }
 }
 
@@ -88,8 +85,7 @@ impl WebsocketProtocolHandler {
     pub async fn connect(
         local_address: Option<SocketAddr>,
         dial_info: DialInfo,
-    ) -> Result<ProtocolNetworkConnection, String> {
-        
+    ) -> io::Result<ProtocolNetworkConnection> {
         assert!(local_address.is_none());
 
         // Split dial info up
@@ -99,34 +95,33 @@ impl WebsocketProtocolHandler {
             _ => panic!("invalid dialinfo for WS/WSS protocol"),
         };
         let request = dial_info.request().unwrap();
-        let split_url = SplitUrl::from_str(&request)?;
+        let split_url = SplitUrl::from_str(&request).map_err(to_io_error_other)?;
         if split_url.scheme != scheme {
-            return Err("invalid websocket url scheme".to_string());
+            bail_io_error_other!("invalid websocket url scheme");
         }
-    
-        let (wsmeta, wsio) = WsMeta::connect(request, None)
-            .await
-            .map_err(map_to_string)
-            .map_err(logthru_net!(error))?;
+
+        let (wsmeta, wsio) = WsMeta::connect(request, None).await.map_err(to_io)?;
 
         // Make our connection descriptor
-        Ok(ProtocolNetworkConnection::Ws(WebsocketNetworkConnection::new(ConnectionDescriptor::new_no_local(
-            dial_info.to_peer_address(),
-        ), wsmeta, wsio)))
+        Ok(ProtocolNetworkConnection::Ws(
+            WebsocketNetworkConnection::new(
+                ConnectionDescriptor::new_no_local(dial_info.to_peer_address()),
+                wsmeta,
+                wsio,
+            ),
+        ))
     }
 
     #[instrument(level = "trace", err, skip(data), fields(data.len = data.len()))]
-    pub async fn send_unbound_message(dial_info: DialInfo, data: Vec<u8>) -> Result<(), String> {
+    pub async fn send_unbound_message(dial_info: DialInfo, data: Vec<u8>) -> io::Result<()> {
         if data.len() > MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE {
-            return Err("sending too large unbound WS message".to_owned());
+            bail_io_error_other!("sending too large unbound WS message");
         }
-        
-        // Make the real connection
-        let conn = Self::connect(None, dial_info)
-            .await
-            .map_err(|e| format!("failed to connect websocket for unbound message: {}", e))?;
 
-        conn.send(data).await   
+        // Make the real connection
+        let conn = Self::connect(None, dial_info).await?;
+
+        conn.send(data).await
     }
 
     #[instrument(level = "trace", err, skip(data), fields(data.len = data.len(), ret.len))]
@@ -134,23 +129,19 @@ impl WebsocketProtocolHandler {
         dial_info: DialInfo,
         data: Vec<u8>,
         timeout_ms: u32,
-    ) -> Result<Vec<u8>, String> {
+    ) -> io::Result<Vec<u8>> {
         if data.len() > MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE {
-            return Err("sending too large unbound WS message".to_owned());
+            bail_io_error_other!("sending too large unbound WS message");
         }
 
-        let conn = Self::connect(None, dial_info.clone())
-            .await
-            .map_err(|e| format!("failed to connect websocket for unbound message: {}", e))?;
+        let conn = Self::connect(None, dial_info.clone()).await?;
 
         conn.send(data).await?;
         let out = timeout(timeout_ms, conn.recv())
             .await
-            .map_err(map_to_string)??;
+            .map_err(|e| e.to_io())??;
 
         tracing::Span::current().record("ret.len", &out.len());
         Ok(out)
     }
-
-
 }