diff --git a/app/controllers/dictionary_controller.rb b/app/controllers/dictionary_controller.rb
index 0f9ba1b..722e7ba 100644
--- a/app/controllers/dictionary_controller.rb
+++ b/app/controllers/dictionary_controller.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,12 @@
 class DictionaryController < ApplicationController
   def index
-    @parts_of_speech = PartOfSpeech.all
+    @english = Language.where(name: "English")
+    @parts_of_speech = PartOfSpeech.where(language_id: @english)
+
+    @parts_of_speech.each do |pos|
+      pos.translations.build
+    end
+
     @words = Word.all
   end
 
diff --git a/app/models/part_of_speech.rb b/app/models/part_of_speech.rb
index 2da3a7a..7f2930f 100644
--- a/app/models/part_of_speech.rb
+++ b/app/models/part_of_speech.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 class PartOfSpeech < ApplicationRecord
   belongs_to :language
+
+  has_many :translations, class_name: "PartOfSpeech", foreign_key: "part_of_speech_id"
 end
diff --git a/app/views/application/_partsofspeech.html.erb b/app/views/application/_partsofspeech.html.erb
index 36e9fac..cc0983b 100644
--- a/app/views/application/_partsofspeech.html.erb
+++ b/app/views/application/_partsofspeech.html.erb
@@ -4,11 +4,17 @@
   <tr>
     <td><b>Part of Speech</b></td>
     <td><b>Definition</b></td>
+    <% unless current_user.blank? %>
+      <td><b>Translation</b></td>
+    <% end %>
   </tr>
 <% parts_of_speech.each do |item| %>
   <tr>
     <td><b><%= item.pos %></b></td>
     <td><%= item.definition %></td>
+    <% unless current_user.blank? %>
+        <td><%= item.translations.first.definition %></td>
+    <% end %>
   </tr>
 <% end %>
 </table>
diff --git a/db/migrate/20231031192706_add_user_id_to_part_of_speech.rb b/db/migrate/20231031192706_add_user_id_to_part_of_speech.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..41b8054
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db/migrate/20231031192706_add_user_id_to_part_of_speech.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+class AddUserIdToPartOfSpeech < ActiveRecord::Migration[7.1]
+  def change
+    change_table :part_of_speeches do |t|
+      t.references :user, null: true, foreign_key: true
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/db/migrate/20231031200646_add_self_referential_relationship_to_part_of_speech.rb b/db/migrate/20231031200646_add_self_referential_relationship_to_part_of_speech.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c439dee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/db/migrate/20231031200646_add_self_referential_relationship_to_part_of_speech.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+class AddSelfReferentialRelationshipToPartOfSpeech < ActiveRecord::Migration[7.1]
+  def change
+    change_table :part_of_speeches do |t|
+      t.references :part_of_speech, null: true, foreign_key: true
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/db/schema.rb b/db/schema.rb
index d907cd6..4c1665b 100644
--- a/db/schema.rb
+++ b/db/schema.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 #
 # It's strongly recommended that you check this file into your version control system.
 
-ActiveRecord::Schema[7.1].define(version: 2023_10_25_010226) do
+ActiveRecord::Schema[7.1].define(version: 2023_10_31_200646) do
   create_table "definitions", force: :cascade do |t|
     t.string "pos"
     t.string "definition"
@@ -40,7 +40,11 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema[7.1].define(version: 2023_10_25_010226) do
     t.datetime "created_at", null: false
     t.datetime "updated_at", null: false
     t.integer "language_id", null: false
+    t.integer "user_id"
+    t.integer "part_of_speech_id"
     t.index ["language_id"], name: "index_part_of_speeches_on_language_id"
+    t.index ["part_of_speech_id"], name: "index_part_of_speeches_on_part_of_speech_id"
+    t.index ["user_id"], name: "index_part_of_speeches_on_user_id"
   end
 
   create_table "users", force: :cascade do |t|
@@ -64,4 +68,6 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema[7.1].define(version: 2023_10_25_010226) do
   add_foreign_key "definitions", "languages"
   add_foreign_key "definitions", "words"
   add_foreign_key "part_of_speeches", "languages"
+  add_foreign_key "part_of_speeches", "part_of_speeches"
+  add_foreign_key "part_of_speeches", "users"
 end
diff --git a/spec/factories/part_of_speech.rb b/spec/factories/part_of_speech.rb
index a38a5d7..28a9e84 100644
--- a/spec/factories/part_of_speech.rb
+++ b/spec/factories/part_of_speech.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,13 @@
 FactoryBot.define do
   factory :part_of_speech do
     sequence(:pos) { |n| "test-#{n.to_s}" }
-    language_id { FactoryBot.create(:language).id }
+    language_id { FactoryBot.create(:language_english).id }
     definition { "test definition" }
   end
+
+  factory :part_of_speech_translation, class: :part_of_speech do
+    sequence(:pos) { |n| "test-#{n.to_s}" }
+    language_id { FactoryBot.create(:language).id }
+    definition { "translated definition" }
+  end
 end
diff --git a/spec/requests/dictionary_spec.rb b/spec/requests/dictionary_spec.rb
index 266332d..89916d8 100644
--- a/spec/requests/dictionary_spec.rb
+++ b/spec/requests/dictionary_spec.rb
@@ -23,6 +23,19 @@ RSpec.describe "Dictionary", type: :request do
       get "/dictionary"
       expect(response.body).to include("#{Word.count} word entries in database")
     end
+
+    describe "signed in" do
+      before :each do
+        sign_in FactoryBot.create(:user)
+      end
+
+      it "only lists the 11 parts of speech, in english" do
+        11.times { FactoryBot.create(:part_of_speech) }
+        FactoryBot.create(:part_of_speech_translation)
+        get "/dictionary"
+        expect(response.body).to have_selector(%(tr), count: 12)
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   describe "GET /show" do