hacdc-wiki/ElectronicsClass.md

# Electronics Class

This class is targeted at the beginner who wants to learn electronics.
It would make a fine prerequisite to the [Microcontroller
Course](Microcontroller_Course "wikilink") or the
[HAMClass](HAMClass "wikilink")

### tease

These images form a slide show and a gestalt introduction to
electronics. In which we map the techniques available to hackers and
their surrounding requisite building blocks.

- \[<http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/8/82/Mindmap.jpg%5Dmindmap>

My hacking started with music and production. it wasn't exacly the tech;
more for the ride.

- [1](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/5/5c/Wmuc_main.jpg) WMUC main studio

Complicated behaviour arises from iteration of simple models. Learning
how to operate something like this is simpler and more subtle than it
looks.

- [2](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/thumb/9/99/Wheatstone.jpg/800px-Wheatstone.jpg)
  wheatstone broadcast console

Easier to see is block diagram form; a gestural view of a complex
system. WMUC recording suites and broadcast control rooms. Computing.

- [3](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/b/b9/Mixerschem.png) signal diagram

Why study DC/baseband/RF electronics; anachronism?

- [4](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/a/a3/Roofchill.png) chill on the
  roof.

Space shuttle shots; APRS , RACES, field day. Social technical effects
require proficiency.

- [5](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/e/ea/W3eaxtower.png) W3EAX tower

Small systems scale into big ones. 40,000 people at Operation ceasefire
(united for peace& justice) '05 at the national mall. Standing between
SS, Park police and thousands of protesters.

- [6](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/d/d7/Ceasefirestage.jpeg) ceasefire
  stage
- [7](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/3/30/Ceasefirecrowd.jpeg) ceasefire
  40k

No always smooth sailing.

- [8](http://images.spaceref.com/news/2003/09.06.03.noaa-n.med.jpg) mars
  needs bolts

Building whimsey.

- [9](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/b/bf/Dancepanel.jpeg) lightup dance
  floor

Computer control over physical objects. microcontrollers + christmas
tree lights.

- [10](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/f/f3/Dancectll.jpeg) dance floor
  controller

Not always smooth. Electrical compatibility != political compatability

- [11](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/2/2c/Hhr.png) hhr - phear the
  transaxle

More small systems iterated.

- [12](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/c/cc/Igniterschem.jpeg) fireworks
  diagram

DIY Ignition source in Berlin. in a pinch you don't need a parts
catalog.

- [13](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/9/91/Igniterface.jpeg) igniter
  controller

Apologies to Dakami

- [14](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/d/d1/Fireworkscrates.jpeg) fireworks
  crates

Simple systems, RC control, Robots and igniters.

- [15](http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_KqHQ-3WDqyk/SFqH25qqRwI/AAAAAAAAAS0/sJ2S8ppcBWQ/s1600-h/1055943372_295788412e.jpg)
  wm greek fire

Recently robotics have become accessible to experimenters. Bluto cuts,
welds and hugs.

- [16](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/4/47/Cadfab.jpg) Welding robots!

## Required Materials

(see also: our [Suppliers page](Suppliers "wikilink"))
---- <img src="Digital_Multimeter.jpg" title="Digital_Multimeter.jpg"
width="200" alt="Digital_Multimeter.jpg" /><img src="Analog_Multimeter.jpg" title="Analog_Multimeter.jpg"
width="200" alt="Analog_Multimeter.jpg" />

- Multimeter \$4
  - [Source: Harbor
    Freight](http://www.harborfreight.com/7-function-digital-multimeter-92020.html)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<figure>
<img src="Soldering_iron.jpg" title="Soldering_iron.jpg" width="200" />
<figcaption>Soldering_iron.jpg</figcaption>
</figure>

- Soldering Iron (25-30w) \$10
  - [Source: Harbor
    Freight](http://www.harborfreight.com/30-watt-120-volt-soldering-iron-47887.html)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<figure>
<img src="Solder.jpg" title="Solder.jpg" width="200" />
<figcaption>Solder.jpg</figcaption>
</figure>

- Solder ( 22ga )
  - [Source: Harbor
    Freight](http://www.harborfreight.com/lead-free-rosin-core-solder-95861.html)
  - [Source: Radio
    Shack](http://www.radioshack.com/product/index.jsp?productId=2062712)
  - Or ANYWHERE, really.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<figure>
<img src="Breadboard.jpg" title="Breadboard.jpg" width="200" />
<figcaption>Breadboard.jpg</figcaption>
</figure>

- Bread Board ( or [AshClassBoard](AshClassBoard "wikilink") ) \$10
  - [Source:
    Mouser](http://mouser.com/ProductDetail/BusBoard-Prototype-Systems/BB400/?qs=sGAEpiMZZMskUkxWo/qA8g6E2/%252b0L/2p)
  - [Source:
    Digi-Key](http://search.digikey.com/scripts/DkSearch/dksus.dll?Detail&name=438-1045-ND)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

- wire 24ga

------------------------------------------------------------------------

- 30ga solid core wire

------------------------------------------------------------------------

- Resistors 10kohm

------------------------------------------------------------------------

- variable resistor 10kohm linear \$1

------------------------------------------------------------------------

- switch
  [17](http://www.mouser.com/search/ProductDetail.aspx?qs=JTMHOUw%252b%2fhkyoxmWRloCXw%3d%3d)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

- leds (various)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

- capacitor 470uf (ish)
  [18](http://www.mouser.com/Search/ProductDetail.aspx?qs=Dj1PTMaP5uJBsuYHd%252b9oGQ%3d%3d)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

- pn2222 transistor \$.03

------------------------------------------------------------------------

- 1/8 male phono jack

`Read The Fine Data Sheet:  They hide secrets in the documentation.`

## Metering

`There are many like it but this one is mine.`

- Naming of parts
- Should be a VOM - Volt Ohm Meter
  - metering modes
    - restistance - Ohms of resistance
    - voltage - Volts
    - Current - Amps/Milliamps - check the leads
    - diode check - see \[Diodes\]
  - leads - plugged into the right ports?
- Continuity testing
  - set the meter to the lowest resistance mode (200ohms or auto
    resistance)
  - or perhaps Diode check; or even beeping
  - reads "off scale" when the leads are unconnected, this is an open
    circuit
  - firmly touch leads together -loopback test
  - reads near 0 if the leads are crossed
- Voltage testing
  - set meter to 20Vdc or VautoDC
  - touch leads to metered points
  - the reading on the meter is the difference in voltages between the
    leads
  - Try AC mains!! - safety second.

#### SwitchLab

- use the continuity meter to diagram the electrical layout of the
  switch.
- solder switch to the board.
- test under power with meter voltage setting

## Relays/Switches

Codespeak

- SPDT - single pole dual throw
- DPST - dual pole single throw
- 4P10T - ???

`- Map this mystery switchLab`

## Wire

The basic wire is a pipe through which electrons can flow from the
lowest voltage side to the highest ([conventional
current](wikipedia:Electric_current#Conventional_current "wikilink")) up
to the physical limits of the wire.

- Condunctor vs. Insulators
- Current limit via wire gauge
  [19](http://www.powerstream.com/Wire_Size.htm)
- Voltage limit via insulation.
- Magnetic and Electric fields surround an energized wire (what?!)
- And wire will respond with current when moved through magnetic flux
  - bass pickups
  - Lentz law
  - Siemens, mho, ohms
- strip wire
- and don't nick the conductor

## Electromagnetics

- Einstein's "spukhafte Fernwirkung"
- Quantum Electrodynamics
  - Electron and photons interact - somehow
- Gauss, Maxwell and
- Permanent magnets useful - locked domains
  - Ferro materials, Ni, Co, Sr, Rb, Nb, Nd, Cr and Fe.
  - Except when they aren't - curie temperature.
- Hall effect - sensing - spaceship drives
- Motors, linear, rotary, vibrational, direct ( magnetohydrodynamic)
- Radios
  - EM probe demo
  - EM spectrum
    - DC, ELF, SLF (submarines, blue whales), AF, LF,HF, (Short wave),
      VHF, UHF, Microwave, weird stuff, gamma rays (the incredible hulk,
      gian ants).

## Soldering

`Hold the cold end.`

Soldering ( for our purposes ) is the process of joining electrical
contacts with a low melting point metal to make a mechanically and
electrically strong connection.

- Restrain long hair/clothing/jewelry.
- Clean both parts of waxes, oils or debris.
  - Ethanol/Methanol/SLX
  - Flux/Rosin/Dry
- Mechanically fit connections together
- Clean and wet the iron
  - Tip should be immaculate and bright
- Heat both parts until hot
  - Cheat, use another heating element
    - quartz floodlight, sterno, propane or mean stare.
  - but not too hot - see blue smoke lab
- Apply just enough solder to wet the contact surfaces
- Wait for the connection to shine smoothly
- remove the iron an test the connection
  - yes it's hot stupid.
  - the meter should find near 0 ohms of resistance between the two
    parts even when mechanically stressed.
  - the meter should read "off scale" to everything that should be
    isolated
- Splice practice
  - Western Union Splice
  - Pigtail Splice

## Speakermaking lab

materials:

- junk wire, lots of it
- magnet ( stronger is better )

Test stuff:

- multimeter
- signal generator, (or music source)
- power amp

Construction:

- Make coil of wire 24ga 1" dia, 50-400 turns.
  - use a form, marker, tp tube, pvc pipe
  - Measure impedance \> 1.5 ohm
- Stick coil of wire to diaphram
- Make stator/armature
  - stick magnet to something - not too ferrous
- stick diaphram near armature (correct axis??)
- connect to amplifier; apply Rock!

Exercises for suckers:

- Use the lentz law to calculate the force generated by thingy.
- Why 8ohm speakers in the house?

## Resistor

`Not like the NYC variety`

Resistors impede the flow of electrons across them; usually to protect
components from excessive current.

<figure>
<img src="resistoriv.png" title="Image:resistoriv.png" />
<figcaption>Image:resistoriv.png</figcaption>
</figure>

- [Ohm's law](wikipedia:Ohm's_law "wikilink")
- Diagonal IV curve.
- symmetric

##### ResistorLab

- solder resistors, meter and record;
- compare to ohms law math

##### BlueSmokeLab

`Get this out of the way early (and often)`

- turn off the switch
- Solder the 30ga wire ends on to the lab 0 area
- stow fingers away from wire
- turn on switch

## Power

- Measured in watts (usally)

`* .01w laser pointer`
`* .25w cell phone`
`* 1w `
`* 15w car stereo`
`* 25w soldering iron`
`* 100w light bulb`
`* 1500w hair dryer`
`* 200 horsepower (750w/hp)`
`* 3 tons of Air conditioner capacity (3.5kw/ton)`

- The notion of instant work
- Energy or work is expressed in joules (watt\*second). Or perhaps
  (Kw\*H)
- Power(watts) = Current (Amps) \* Volts

`Electromechanical relay is a switch that's controlled electrically.`

### pros

- Easy to design for
- debugging (listen for satisfying click)
- excelent isolation
- high power control/\$

### cons

- high drive current (mostly)
- noisy (mostly)
- slow
- moving parts (eeew)

[a typical
relay](http://ecommas.tycoelectronics.com/commerce/DocumentDelivery/DDEController?Action=showdoc&DocId=Data+Sheet%7F1308242_T77%7F1104%7Fpdf%7FEnglish%7FENG_DS_1308242_T77_1104.pdf) -
map this mystery relay lab

#### Diode

<figure>
<img src="diodeiv.png" title="Image:diodeiv.png" />
<figcaption>Image:diodeiv.png</figcaption>
</figure>

##### ScaryDataSheetLab

- a favorite led [20](http://www.vishay.com/docs/83012/83012.pdf)
- LED ( Light emitting diode ) are diodes with a clear case.
- electrons only permitted to flow in one direction: cathode to anode
  - there are exceptions \[diode breakdown voltage\]
- discontinuous IV curve
- diode logic
- the cathode is marked
- the diode check function of the meter can reveal the correct polarity
  of a mystery diode with a suspect cathode mark.

## Light Emitting Diode

- the short lead is the cathode
- LED's need current limiting (see
  [BlueSmokeLab](ElectronicsClass#BlueSmokeLab "wikilink"))

##### LEDLab

- solder in 1kOhm resistor for the led , although you may use another if
  you can justify the value
- Solder in the LED, with the short lead towards the ground.

## Motor

## Printed Circuits

## Capacitor

`470??f electrolytic cap`

<figure>
<img src="capt.png" title="Image:capt.png" />
<figcaption>Image:capt.png</figcaption>
</figure>

[wikipedia capacitor](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor)
$\operator {work} (V) =
\frac {1}{2}
2)Cv^2$ Hmm.. no teX support here.

#### Applications

- Filters
  - Decoupling - Ripple rejection
  - Blocking - DC Bias rejection
  - Use in networks - equalization networks
- Storage
  - Pump and dump - Photoflash.
  - Tank application - DC - DC converters
- Esoteric
  - Sensors - Strain gauge
  - Microphones - Old school
  - nonlinear math - Calculating logs/exponents.

## Transistor

`PN2222 N channel transistor`
`Elliot substitute-taught a class on transistor amplifiers...`
`Notes in PDF are here:`
[`Media:transistorLecture.pdf`](Media:transistorLecture.pdf "wikilink")

### little amplifierlab

- class A amp
- DC blocking caps
- bias resistors
- fixed gain
- inverted waveform

### construction intro

- breadboard intro
- soldering intro
- led circuit

## Digital Logic

- AND C = A & B
- OR C = A \| B
- NOT C = !A
- NOR C = !(A\|B)
- NAND C = !(A&B)
- MUX C = select A(n) based on B(n)

## IC

`LM386 Audio Amplifier `[`21`](http://www.national.com/mpf/LM/LM386.html)

# Links and class notes

- 7-28
  - [How bipolar junction transistors actually
    work](http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_2/8.html)

[Category:Classes](Category:Classes "wikilink")