501 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
Executable File
501 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
Executable File
# Electronics Class
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This class is targeted at the beginner who wants to learn electronics.
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It would make a fine prerequisite to the [Microcontroller
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Course](Microcontroller_Course "wikilink") or the
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[HAMClass](HAMClass "wikilink")
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### tease
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These images form a slide show and a gestalt introduction to
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electronics. In which we map the techniques available to hackers and
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their surrounding requisite building blocks.
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- \[<http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/8/82/Mindmap.jpg%5Dmindmap>
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My hacking started with music and production. it wasn't exacly the tech;
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more for the ride.
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- [1](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/5/5c/Wmuc_main.jpg) WMUC main studio
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Complicated behaviour arises from iteration of simple models. Learning
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how to operate something like this is simpler and more subtle than it
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looks.
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- [2](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/thumb/9/99/Wheatstone.jpg/800px-Wheatstone.jpg)
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wheatstone broadcast console
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Easier to see is block diagram form; a gestural view of a complex
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system. WMUC recording suites and broadcast control rooms. Computing.
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- [3](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/b/b9/Mixerschem.png) signal diagram
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Why study DC/baseband/RF electronics; anachronism?
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- [4](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/a/a3/Roofchill.png) chill on the
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roof.
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Space shuttle shots; APRS , RACES, field day. Social technical effects
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require proficiency.
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- [5](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/e/ea/W3eaxtower.png) W3EAX tower
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Small systems scale into big ones. 40,000 people at Operation ceasefire
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(united for peace& justice) '05 at the national mall. Standing between
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SS, Park police and thousands of protesters.
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- [6](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/d/d7/Ceasefirestage.jpeg) ceasefire
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stage
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- [7](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/3/30/Ceasefirecrowd.jpeg) ceasefire
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40k
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No always smooth sailing.
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- [8](http://images.spaceref.com/news/2003/09.06.03.noaa-n.med.jpg) mars
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needs bolts
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Building whimsey.
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- [9](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/b/bf/Dancepanel.jpeg) lightup dance
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floor
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Computer control over physical objects. microcontrollers + christmas
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tree lights.
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- [10](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/f/f3/Dancectll.jpeg) dance floor
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controller
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Not always smooth. Electrical compatibility != political compatability
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- [11](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/2/2c/Hhr.png) hhr - phear the
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transaxle
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More small systems iterated.
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- [12](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/c/cc/Igniterschem.jpeg) fireworks
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diagram
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DIY Ignition source in Berlin. in a pinch you don't need a parts
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catalog.
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- [13](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/9/91/Igniterface.jpeg) igniter
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controller
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Apologies to Dakami
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- [14](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/d/d1/Fireworkscrates.jpeg) fireworks
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crates
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Simple systems, RC control, Robots and igniters.
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- [15](http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_KqHQ-3WDqyk/SFqH25qqRwI/AAAAAAAAAS0/sJ2S8ppcBWQ/s1600-h/1055943372_295788412e.jpg)
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wm greek fire
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Recently robotics have become accessible to experimenters. Bluto cuts,
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welds and hugs.
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- [16](http://wiki.hacdc.org/images/4/47/Cadfab.jpg) Welding robots!
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## Required Materials
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(see also: our [Suppliers page](Suppliers "wikilink"))
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---- <img src="Digital_Multimeter.jpg" title="Digital_Multimeter.jpg"
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width="200" alt="Digital_Multimeter.jpg" /><img src="Analog_Multimeter.jpg" title="Analog_Multimeter.jpg"
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width="200" alt="Analog_Multimeter.jpg" />
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- Multimeter \$4
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- [Source: Harbor
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Freight](http://www.harborfreight.com/7-function-digital-multimeter-92020.html)
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------------------------------------------------------------------------
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<figure>
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<img src="Soldering_iron.jpg" title="Soldering_iron.jpg" width="200" />
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<figcaption>Soldering_iron.jpg</figcaption>
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</figure>
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- Soldering Iron (25-30w) \$10
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- [Source: Harbor
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Freight](http://www.harborfreight.com/30-watt-120-volt-soldering-iron-47887.html)
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------------------------------------------------------------------------
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<figure>
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<img src="Solder.jpg" title="Solder.jpg" width="200" />
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<figcaption>Solder.jpg</figcaption>
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</figure>
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- Solder ( 22ga )
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- [Source: Harbor
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Freight](http://www.harborfreight.com/lead-free-rosin-core-solder-95861.html)
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- [Source: Radio
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Shack](http://www.radioshack.com/product/index.jsp?productId=2062712)
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- Or ANYWHERE, really.
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------------------------------------------------------------------------
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<figure>
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<img src="Breadboard.jpg" title="Breadboard.jpg" width="200" />
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<figcaption>Breadboard.jpg</figcaption>
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</figure>
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- Bread Board ( or [AshClassBoard](AshClassBoard "wikilink") ) \$10
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- [Source:
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Mouser](http://mouser.com/ProductDetail/BusBoard-Prototype-Systems/BB400/?qs=sGAEpiMZZMskUkxWo/qA8g6E2/%252b0L/2p)
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- [Source:
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Digi-Key](http://search.digikey.com/scripts/DkSearch/dksus.dll?Detail&name=438-1045-ND)
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------------------------------------------------------------------------
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- wire 24ga
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------------------------------------------------------------------------
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- 30ga solid core wire
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------------------------------------------------------------------------
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- Resistors 10kohm
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------------------------------------------------------------------------
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- variable resistor 10kohm linear \$1
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------------------------------------------------------------------------
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- switch
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[17](http://www.mouser.com/search/ProductDetail.aspx?qs=JTMHOUw%252b%2fhkyoxmWRloCXw%3d%3d)
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------------------------------------------------------------------------
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- leds (various)
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------------------------------------------------------------------------
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- capacitor 470uf (ish)
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[18](http://www.mouser.com/Search/ProductDetail.aspx?qs=Dj1PTMaP5uJBsuYHd%252b9oGQ%3d%3d)
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------------------------------------------------------------------------
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- pn2222 transistor \$.03
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------------------------------------------------------------------------
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- 1/8 male phono jack
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`Read The Fine Data Sheet: They hide secrets in the documentation.`
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## Metering
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`There are many like it but this one is mine.`
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- Naming of parts
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- Should be a VOM - Volt Ohm Meter
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- metering modes
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- restistance - Ohms of resistance
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- voltage - Volts
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- Current - Amps/Milliamps - check the leads
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- diode check - see \[Diodes\]
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- leads - plugged into the right ports?
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- Continuity testing
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- set the meter to the lowest resistance mode (200ohms or auto
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resistance)
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- or perhaps Diode check; or even beeping
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- reads "off scale" when the leads are unconnected, this is an open
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circuit
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- firmly touch leads together -loopback test
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- reads near 0 if the leads are crossed
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- Voltage testing
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- set meter to 20Vdc or VautoDC
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- touch leads to metered points
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- the reading on the meter is the difference in voltages between the
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leads
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- Try AC mains!! - safety second.
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#### SwitchLab
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- use the continuity meter to diagram the electrical layout of the
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switch.
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- solder switch to the board.
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- test under power with meter voltage setting
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## Relays/Switches
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Codespeak
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- SPDT - single pole dual throw
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- DPST - dual pole single throw
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- 4P10T - ???
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`- Map this mystery switchLab`
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## Wire
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The basic wire is a pipe through which electrons can flow from the
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lowest voltage side to the highest ([conventional
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current](wikipedia:Electric_current#Conventional_current "wikilink")) up
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to the physical limits of the wire.
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- Condunctor vs. Insulators
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- Current limit via wire gauge
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[19](http://www.powerstream.com/Wire_Size.htm)
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- Voltage limit via insulation.
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- Magnetic and Electric fields surround an energized wire (what?!)
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- And wire will respond with current when moved through magnetic flux
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- bass pickups
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- Lentz law
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- Siemens, mho, ohms
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- strip wire
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- and don't nick the conductor
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## Electromagnetics
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- Einstein's "spukhafte Fernwirkung"
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- Quantum Electrodynamics
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- Electron and photons interact - somehow
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- Gauss, Maxwell and
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- Permanent magnets useful - locked domains
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- Ferro materials, Ni, Co, Sr, Rb, Nb, Nd, Cr and Fe.
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- Except when they aren't - curie temperature.
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- Hall effect - sensing - spaceship drives
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- Motors, linear, rotary, vibrational, direct ( magnetohydrodynamic)
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- Radios
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- EM probe demo
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- EM spectrum
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- DC, ELF, SLF (submarines, blue whales), AF, LF,HF, (Short wave),
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VHF, UHF, Microwave, weird stuff, gamma rays (the incredible hulk,
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gian ants).
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## Soldering
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`Hold the cold end.`
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Soldering ( for our purposes ) is the process of joining electrical
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contacts with a low melting point metal to make a mechanically and
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electrically strong connection.
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- Restrain long hair/clothing/jewelry.
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- Clean both parts of waxes, oils or debris.
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- Ethanol/Methanol/SLX
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- Flux/Rosin/Dry
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- Mechanically fit connections together
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- Clean and wet the iron
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- Tip should be immaculate and bright
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- Heat both parts until hot
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- Cheat, use another heating element
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- quartz floodlight, sterno, propane or mean stare.
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- but not too hot - see blue smoke lab
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- Apply just enough solder to wet the contact surfaces
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- Wait for the connection to shine smoothly
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- remove the iron an test the connection
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- yes it's hot stupid.
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- the meter should find near 0 ohms of resistance between the two
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parts even when mechanically stressed.
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- the meter should read "off scale" to everything that should be
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isolated
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- Splice practice
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- Western Union Splice
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- Pigtail Splice
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## Speakermaking lab
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materials:
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- junk wire, lots of it
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- magnet ( stronger is better )
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Test stuff:
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- multimeter
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- signal generator, (or music source)
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- power amp
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Construction:
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- Make coil of wire 24ga 1" dia, 50-400 turns.
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- use a form, marker, tp tube, pvc pipe
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- Measure impedance \> 1.5 ohm
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- Stick coil of wire to diaphram
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- Make stator/armature
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- stick magnet to something - not too ferrous
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- stick diaphram near armature (correct axis??)
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- connect to amplifier; apply Rock!
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Exercises for suckers:
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- Use the lentz law to calculate the force generated by thingy.
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- Why 8ohm speakers in the house?
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## Resistor
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`Not like the NYC variety`
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Resistors impede the flow of electrons across them; usually to protect
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components from excessive current.
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<figure>
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<img src="resistoriv.png" title="Image:resistoriv.png" />
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<figcaption>Image:resistoriv.png</figcaption>
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</figure>
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- [Ohm's law](wikipedia:Ohm's_law "wikilink")
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- Diagonal IV curve.
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- symmetric
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##### ResistorLab
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- solder resistors, meter and record;
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- compare to ohms law math
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##### BlueSmokeLab
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`Get this out of the way early (and often)`
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- turn off the switch
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- Solder the 30ga wire ends on to the lab 0 area
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- stow fingers away from wire
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- turn on switch
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## Power
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- Measured in watts (usally)
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`* .01w laser pointer`
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`* .25w cell phone`
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`* 1w `
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`* 15w car stereo`
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`* 25w soldering iron`
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`* 100w light bulb`
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`* 1500w hair dryer`
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`* 200 horsepower (750w/hp)`
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`* 3 tons of Air conditioner capacity (3.5kw/ton)`
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- The notion of instant work
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- Energy or work is expressed in joules (watt\*second). Or perhaps
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(Kw\*H)
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- Power(watts) = Current (Amps) \* Volts
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`Electromechanical relay is a switch that's controlled electrically.`
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### pros
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- Easy to design for
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- debugging (listen for satisfying click)
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- excelent isolation
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- high power control/\$
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### cons
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- high drive current (mostly)
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- noisy (mostly)
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- slow
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- moving parts (eeew)
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[a typical
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relay](http://ecommas.tycoelectronics.com/commerce/DocumentDelivery/DDEController?Action=showdoc&DocId=Data+Sheet%7F1308242_T77%7F1104%7Fpdf%7FEnglish%7FENG_DS_1308242_T77_1104.pdf) -
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map this mystery relay lab
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#### Diode
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<figure>
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<img src="diodeiv.png" title="Image:diodeiv.png" />
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<figcaption>Image:diodeiv.png</figcaption>
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</figure>
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##### ScaryDataSheetLab
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- a favorite led [20](http://www.vishay.com/docs/83012/83012.pdf)
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- LED ( Light emitting diode ) are diodes with a clear case.
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- electrons only permitted to flow in one direction: cathode to anode
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- there are exceptions \[diode breakdown voltage\]
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- discontinuous IV curve
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- diode logic
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- the cathode is marked
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- the diode check function of the meter can reveal the correct polarity
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of a mystery diode with a suspect cathode mark.
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## Light Emitting Diode
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- the short lead is the cathode
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- LED's need current limiting (see
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[BlueSmokeLab](ElectronicsClass#BlueSmokeLab "wikilink"))
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##### LEDLab
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- solder in 1kOhm resistor for the led , although you may use another if
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you can justify the value
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- Solder in the LED, with the short lead towards the ground.
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## Motor
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## Printed Circuits
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## Capacitor
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`470??f electrolytic cap`
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<figure>
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<img src="capt.png" title="Image:capt.png" />
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<figcaption>Image:capt.png</figcaption>
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</figure>
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[wikipedia capacitor](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor)
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$\operator {work} (V) =
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\frac {1}{2}
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2)Cv^2$ Hmm.. no teX support here.
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#### Applications
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- Filters
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- Decoupling - Ripple rejection
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- Blocking - DC Bias rejection
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- Use in networks - equalization networks
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- Storage
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- Pump and dump - Photoflash.
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- Tank application - DC - DC converters
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- Esoteric
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- Sensors - Strain gauge
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- Microphones - Old school
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- nonlinear math - Calculating logs/exponents.
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## Transistor
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`PN2222 N channel transistor`
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`Elliot substitute-taught a class on transistor amplifiers...`
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`Notes in PDF are here:`
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[`Media:transistorLecture.pdf`](Media:transistorLecture.pdf "wikilink")
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### little amplifierlab
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- class A amp
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- DC blocking caps
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- bias resistors
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- fixed gain
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- inverted waveform
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### construction intro
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- breadboard intro
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- soldering intro
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- led circuit
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## Digital Logic
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- AND C = A & B
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- OR C = A \| B
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- NOT C = !A
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- NOR C = !(A\|B)
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- NAND C = !(A&B)
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- MUX C = select A(n) based on B(n)
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## IC
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`LM386 Audio Amplifier `[`21`](http://www.national.com/mpf/LM/LM386.html)
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# Links and class notes
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- 7-28
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- [How bipolar junction transistors actually
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work](http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_2/8.html)
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[Category:Classes](Category:Classes "wikilink") |